European Ecotourism

European ecotourism offers an impressive diversity of natural landscapes, from glaciers in the north to arid steppes in the south. It has rugged mountain ranges, tranquil wetlands, Mediterranean coastlines, and boreal forests. Each region has its own unique charm, ecosystem, and sustainable initiatives. Ecotourism is growing rapidly in Europe. National parks, sustainable accommodations, and small villages offer travelers the chance to travel responsibly while enjoying unique biodiversity and local culture. Europe is an incredibly diverse continent with excellent opportunities for ecotourism and sustainable tourism.

Please click on one of the links below for each countries European ecotourism.

France Ecotourism
Iceland Ecotourism
United Kingdom Ecotourism
Spain Ecotourism

Ecotourism and Sustainable Tourism in Europe

Europe may be relatively small, but the continent offers an impressive diversity of landscapes and ecosystems. Ecotourists have countless opportunities to explore pristine nature, spot rare animals, and support sustainable initiatives. Awareness of sustainable travel is growing throughout Europe. More travelers are choosing the following:

• eco-certified accommodation (such as “Clé Verte” or “EU Ecolabel“).
• slower travel (e.g., by train or bicycle).
• local, seasonal products and community projects.
• conservation and participatory tourism, such as working on organic farms (WWOOF) or taking guided walks with local nature guides.
• Europe boasts numerous protected natural areas, including national parks, Natura 2000 sites (a network of protected areas covering Europe’s most valuable and threatened species and habitats.), and UNESCO Biosphere Reserves. These sites offer fantastic opportunities for hiking, birdwatching, and sailing.

Flora in Europe

Europe’s flora is incredibly diverse. This variety is due to the interplay of climate, altitude, soil types, and its location between the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Arctic. Europe can be broadly divided into a few major vegetation zones:

Arctic and Subarctic Flora

• regions: Iceland, northern Norway, Sweden, Finland, and parts of Russia.
• characteristic plants: lichens, mosses, Arctic willow, dwarf birch, and Arctic flowers such as mountain sandwort and Arctic poppy.
• adaptation: these plants are low-growing and can tolerate extreme cold, wind, and short growing seasons.

Boreal Forests (taiga)

• areas: large parts of Scandinavia and northern Russia.
• dominant species: Scots pine, Norway spruce, silver fir, and birch.
• remarkable: soils are often covered with bilberries, peat moss, and reindeer moss. These forests are important for biodiversity and carbon storage.

Temperate Deciduous Forests

• areas: Central and Western Europe, including France, Germany, Poland, and the United Kingdom.
• tree species: beech, oak, hornbeam, maple, and ash.
• understory: wild hyacinth, wood anemone, and Solomon’s seal. These forests display beautiful colors in autumn.

Mountain Flora (Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians)

• areas: high mountains spread across Europe.
• characteristic plants: edelweiss, alpine rose, gentian, and mountain anemone.
• adaptation: these plants are often cushion-shaped, with hairy leaves or a thick waxy layer to protect against cold and wind.

Mediterranean Vegetation

• areas: Spain, Italy, Greece, southern France, and Croatia.
• typical: cork oak, holm oak, olive tree, rosemary, lavender, and thyme.
• characteristics: many species are evergreen, have small, leathery leaves, and tolerate drought well.

Steppes and Dry Grasslands

• areas: Southern Spain and parts of Eastern Europe (Hungary, Ukraine).
• flora: grasses such as bent grass, wild herbs, and cushion plants.
• ecological role: these areas are important for rare insects and steppe birds.

To go directly to European Lodges and Tours click on the individual links below.

Fauna in Europe

The fauna of Europe is just as diverse as its flora. Thanks to the variety of climates, landscapes, and altitudes, you’ll find animals here from true polar dwellers to Mediterranean sun worshippers. Below is an overview of the most important fauna by zone, with some iconic species.

Arctic and Subarctic Regions

• areas: Northern Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland, and Svalbard.
• mammals: Arctic fox, reindeer, walrus, and polar bear (Svalbard only).
• birds: puffin, snowy owl, Arctic skua, and razorbill.
• adaptation: these animals have thick fur or feathers, fat reserves, and exhibit seasonal migration or color change (e.g., Arctic fox and snowy owl turn white in the winter).

Boreal Forests, in Taiga

• areas: Scandinavia, Northern Russia.
• mammals: brown bear, moose, wolf, and lynx.
• birds: capercaillie, crossbill, and black woodpecker.
• special: large predators still have relatively large habitats here.

Temperate Deciduous Forests and Cultural Landscape

• areas: Western and Central Europe.
• mammals: red squirrel, badger, roe deer, and wildcat.
• birds: nuthatch, golden oriole, and tawny owl.
• amphibians & reptiles: fire salamander, and slow worm (legless lizard).

High mountains, in the Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians, and Caucasus

• mammals: chamoisibex, alpine marmot, and snow vole.
• birds: alpine chough, bearded vulture, and alpine accentor.

Mediterranean region

• areas: Spain, Italy, Greece, southern France, and Croatia.
• mammals: Iberian lynx (endemic to Spain/Portugal), monk seal, and genet.
• birds: flamingo, bee-eater, hoopoe, and black-winged kite.
• reptiles: Mediterranean tortoise and lizards (e.g., Gallotia in the Canary Islands).

Steppes and Dry Grasslands

• areas: Southern Spain and Eastern Europe.
• mammals: wildcat and European ground squirrel.
• birds: great bustard, little bustard, and Montagu’s harrier. The Steppes and Dry Grasslands are hotspots for migratory birds connecting Europe with Africa.

Unique characteristics of European fauna

• endemism: many species are found nowhere else, especially on islands (Canary Islands, Madeira, and Balearic Islands) and mountain ranges.
• migration: millions of migratory birds use Europe as a stopover or breeding ground.
• reintroductions: success stories include the return of the wolf, lynx, and beaver to parts of Western Europe.

European Ecotourism | Best Time to Travel

• Southern Europe, including Spain, Southern France, Italy, Greece: The ideal time is in spring (April–May) or autumn (September–October) for pleasant weather and fewer tourists.
• Northern Europe, including Iceland, Scandinavia, Scotland: The best time is summer (June–August) due to the mild climate and longer days. This is also the best time for access to nature reserves.
• Central Europe, including France, Germany, Alpine countries: Spring and summer are ideal, with a peak in June and July for hiking and festivals.

Sustainable Travel in Europe

The best ways to travel sustainably:

• Train travel: Europe has an excellent rail network via Interrail, Eurostar, TGV, and night trains, often using green energy. Europe is advancing green energy through a mix of renewable electricity sources, like wind and solar, and emerging hydrogen train technology. This is perfect for slow travel.
• Cycling and walking: cycling routes such as the EuroVelo network connect dozens of countries. Combined with trains, they are perfect for nature trips.
• Electric (shared) cars: in countries like France, Germany, and the Netherlands, electric shared cars are becoming increasingly accessible. Carpooling or electric rental cars are a good option for remote areas.
• Local overnight stays: choose eco lodges, agriturismos, or small-scale B&Bs with eco-certifications (such as Clé Verte or EU Ecolabel).  

European Ecotourism | Iceland

In Iceland, rugged volcanic landscapes, glaciers, and bubbling geysers dominate the landscape. Iceland is a true paradise for European ecotourism enthusiasts. The country is strongly committed to sustainability. Energy comes almost entirely from renewable sources, nature reserves are carefully protected, and many accommodations are eco-certified.

3 Top Destinations in Iceland

• Þingvellir National Park: This UNESCO World Heritage site combines nature and history. You literally walk between the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates. The best time to visit is from May to September, when the trails are clear of snow and the days are long. From Reykjavik, you can easily reach Þingvellir by rental car, an organized bus tour, or local bus line that serves the Golden Circle.
• Vatnajökull National Park: With Europe’s largest glacier, this park is a hotspot for eco-adventure. You can enjoy sustainable glacier hikes with certified guides and visit impressive waterfalls like Svartifoss. The best time to visit is from June to August, when most hiking trails are accessible. Transportation is via the Ring Road (Route 1) with a rental car or long-distance buses that connect the south and east of Iceland.
• Westfjords of Hornstrandir Nature Reserve: This remote area offers tranquility and unspoiled nature. It is ideal for birdwatching (puffins!) is accessible and the flora and fauna are in full bloom. Access is by ferry from Ísafjörður. You can get there by car or bus via long-distance routes. A domestic flight from Reykjavik is another way of getting there. Ecotourism in Iceland means traveling with respect: enjoying breathtaking nature while minimizing your footprint.

European Ecotourism | Spain

Spain offers a rich natural contrast of dry steppes and Mediterranean forests. Cork oak forests and circling vultures characterize the landscape in regions like Andalusia and Extremadura.

Spain is a diverse destination for ecotourism. Thanks to a growing network of national parks, sustainable accommodations, and green initiatives, you can travel responsibly while enjoying nature.

• Doñana National Park, in Andalusia: This UNESCO World Heritage site is a birdwatcher’s paradise and home to the critically endangered Iberian lynx. The best time to visit the park is during spring (March–May) or during autumn (September–November), when migratory birds arrive and the climate is mild. You can reach Doñana via Seville or Jerez de la Frontera by train or bus, and then by rental car. You can also book an excursion.
• Picos de Europa, in Asturias, Cantabria, and León: This mountain range offers spectacular hiking trails, deep gorges, and traditional villages where sustainable tourism is key. It is ideal for hikers and nature lovers. The best time is from June to September, when the trails are clear of snow and the weather is stable. You can get there by high-speed train to Oviedo or Santander and continue your journey by bus or rental car to the mountain villages.
• La Gomera, in the Canary Islands: This island is known for its laurel forests in Garajonay National Park, which is a hotspot for ecotourism and hiking. The best time to visit is year-round, thanks to the subtropical climate, although April to October are the most pleasant months. Access is by ferry from Tenerife or domestic flight from other Canary Islands.

Ecotourism in Spain means choosing small-scale initiatives, nature conservation, and local connections. In this way, you discover a country full of contrasts with a minimal ecological footprint.

European Ecotourism | United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, you’ll discover dramatic coastal cliffs, vast heathlands, and even ancient rainforests in Wales and Scotland. The United Kingdom is a surprisingly green destination for ecotourism. Despite its dense population, there are vast nature reserves, national parks, and islands where sustainability is central. From rugged coastlines to ancient forests, the UK invites travelers to enjoy nature and culture responsibly.

• Lake District, in England: England’s largest national park is famous for its lakes, mountains, and hiking trails. Here you can find sustainable accommodation. The best time to travel is from May to September, when the days are long and the hiking trails are easily accessible. You can reach the area by train to Oxenholme or Windermere, and from there by local buses or bicycle.
• Cairngorms National Park, in Scotland: This Highland Park is a paradise for nature lovers. It has ancient Caledonian forests, rare animals like wildcats, and countless eco-activities. The best time to visit is from spring to early autumn (April–October) for walks, wildlife tours, and stargazing. The park is accessible by train to Aviemore or Inverness, and from there by bus or bike to the villages and trails.
• Pembrokeshire Coast, in Wales: This coastline combines cliffs, beaches, and a 300-km-long walking trail. Sustainable tourism is highly valued here. The best time to visit is from May to September, when the weather is mild and nature is in full swing. Travel by train to Haverfordwest or Fishguard and continue by local buses.

Ecotourism in the UK revolves around small-scale travel, conservation, and discovering local communities, all with a small environmental footprint.

European Ecotourism | France

France boasts unparalleled diversity, from the soaring peaks of the Alps to the marshes of the Camargue and the expansive beaches of the Atlantic coast. In the Camargue, you’ll see flamingos and wild horses, while in the Alps, chamois and blooming lavender fields will enhance your hiking.

France is not only a land of wine and culture, but also a top destination for ecotourism. The country boasts an enormous diversity of nature, from the rugged Atlantic coast to the high Alps and tranquil rural areas. Sustainable travel (trains or electric cars) is increasingly taking center stage with eco-friendly accommodations, protected natural parks, and a focus on local products.  

• The Camargue, in Provence: The Camargue is a paradise for birdwatchers and nature lovers. The best time to travel there is from April to June or September, when temperatures are pleasant and migratory birds are plentiful. You can reach the Camargue by train to Arles or Nîmes and then explore the countryside by bus.
• Vanoise National Park, in the Alps: France’s oldest national park offers glaciers, alpine meadows, and rich wildlife, including ibex and marmots. The Park is perfect for hikers and mountain enthusiasts. The best time is from June to September, when the trails are cleared of snow and mountain huts are open. The park is accessible by train to Chambéry or Bourg-Saint-Maurice, and then by bus or cable car to the villages surrounding the park.
• The Dordogne Valley: This is a green region full of rivers, castles, and prehistoric caves. Here you can enjoy sustainable canoeing, bicycling, and discover local organic products. The best time to travel is from May to October, with warm summers and colorful autumns. Travel by train to one of the many small towns in the Dordogne.

Ecotourism in France means traveling with respect for nature and tradition while enjoying one of the most diverse landscapes in Europe.

Ecological Threats in Europe

Europe is a continent rich in natural resources, ranging from vast forests and mountains to wetlands and coastlines. Yet, this biodiversity is under pressure from various ecological threats.

One of the greatest challenges is climate change. Rising temperatures are leading to melting glaciers in the Alps, warmer seas disrupting ecosystems, and there are more frequent droughts and forest fires, especially in Southern Europe.

Habitat loss is also a major problem. Intensive agriculture, urbanization, and infrastructure projects have caused many animals to lose their natural habitats. This affects meadow birds, large mammals, and insects, among others.

Pollution also remains a threat. Air pollution from traffic and industry affects not only human health but also forests and lakes. Water pollution from pesticides and plastic waste threatens rivers, lakes, and seas, such as the Mediterranean and the North Sea.

Overtourism is a growing problem in some regions. Popular destinations such as the Alps, the Spanish coast, and cities like Venice and Barcelona are experiencing overcrowding that is putting pressure on local ecosystems and quality of life.

Finally, the invasion of non-native species poses an ecological challenge. Species like the American crayfish and Japanese knotweed displace native flora and fauna and permanently alter ecosystems.

Despite these threats, Europe is strongly committed to nature conservation through networks like Natura 2000, renewable energy, and sustainable tourism. For ecotourists, this means making conscious choices: travel outside peak season, so there are fewer people who visit at once. Support local communities and visit nature reserves with respect for the nature within. In this way, you contribute to the protection of Europe’s unique biodiversity.

European Ecotourism | Safety

As usual, when travelling, check places out for security reasons. A good resource for US citizens is The State Department’s website. They list Travel advisories: https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories.html/